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Natural Material Soil

Natural Material Soil:-
Terminology:
  • Each and every civil engineering structure is rest on soil.
  • Bearing capacity of soil is plays important role in foundation design.
  • Study of soil is necessary to understand seepage of water through soil especially in earthen dams.
  • It is also necessary to study movement of water under ground and slop stabilization.
What is origin of soil?
  • Soil is formed due to mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rock.
  •  The rock which is exposed to atmosphere and contact with natural weathering agencies like wind, river water, rain water, sun light, etc.
Define soil.
Agriculturists’ definitions: Part of earth surface which supports, sustains and helps to its growth is called soil.
Civil engineering definition: The mixture of mineral and rock which is obtained from chemical and mechanical disintegration and decomposition of rock is called soil.
I.S. definition: Soil is the sediment or other unconsolidated particles produced from physical and chemical disintegration of rock.
What are the classifications of soils?
Soil is classified on particle size basis and Indian Standard classification.
Particle size classification:
On basis of particle size soil is classified as-
  1. Clay: the soil particles which having soil size less than 2 micron (0.002mm) is called clay.
  2. Silt: the soil particles which having soil size in between 2to60micron is called silt.
  3. Sand: the soil particles which having soil size in between 60micronto2mm is called sand.
  4. Gravel: the soil particles which having soil size is grater then is called Gravel.
 



0.002mm                                 0.060mm                                       2mm
Indian standard classification:
1.      Coarse Grained: If more than 50% soil particles retained on 75micron sieve after sieving that soil is called as Coarse Grained soil.
2.      Fine Grained: If more than 50% soil particles passed through 75micron sieve after sieving that soil is called as Fine Grained soil.
3.      Highly organic soil: If more than 50% soil particles content organic matter is called as highly organic soil.
Write suitability (uses) of clay, silt, sand and gravels.
Clay: 1. it is used in earthen dams.
         2. Also it is used for brick formation.
Silt: 1. it is used in earthen dams.
       2. it is used for plastering work.
       3. it is used for preparation of mortar.
Sand: 1. It is used for plastering work.
            2. it is used for foundation filling.
Gravel: 1. It is used for foundation filling.
            2. it is used in road pavements.
What are the uses of soil?


  1. As a construction material.
  2. As foundation material.
  3. It is used for brick formation.
  4. It used for plastering of wall.
  5. As mortar in masonry work.
  6. In road pavements.
  7. In earthen dams.

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